Kamis, 30 September 2010

Galileo Galilei's Biography

Galileo Galilei was born in Pisa, Italy on February 15, 1564. He was the oldest of seven children. His father was a musician and wool trader, who wanted his son to study medicine as there was more money in medicine. At age eleven, Galileo was sent off to study in a Jesuit monastery.

Galileo Galilei - Rerouted from Religon to Science

After four years, Galileo had announced to his father that he wanted to be a monk. This was not exactly what father had in mind, so Galileo was hastily withdrawn from the monastery. In 1581, at the age of 17, he entered the University of Pisa to study medicine, as his father wished.

Galileo Galilei - Law of the Pendulum

At age twenty, Galileo noticed a lamp swinging overhead while he was in a cathedral. Curious to find out how long it took the lamp to swing back and forth, he used his pulse to time large and small swings. Galileo discovered something that no one else had ever realized: the period of each swing was exactly the same. The law of the pendulum, which would eventually be used to regulate clocks, made Galileo Galilei instantly famous. Except for mathematics, Galileo Galilei was bored with university. Galileo's family was informed that their son was in danger of flunking out. A compromise was worked out, where Galileo would be tutored full-time in mathematics by the mathematician of the Tuscan court. Galileo's father was hardly overjoyed about this turn of events, since a mathematician's earning power was roughly around that of a musician, but it seemed that this might yet allow Galileo to successfully complete his college education. However, Galileo soon left the University of Pisa without a degree.

Galileo Galilei - Mathematics

To earn a living, Galileo Galilei started tutoring students in mathematics. He did some experimenting with floating objects, developing a balance that could tell him that a piece of, say, gold was 19.3 times heavier than the same volume of water. He also started campaigning for his life's ambition: a position on the mathematics faculty at a major university. Although Galileo was clearly brilliant, he had offended many people in the field, who would choose other candidates for vacancies.

Galileo Galilei - Dante's Inferno

Ironically, it was a lecture on literature that would turn Galileo's fortunes. The Academy of Florence had been arguing over a 100-year-old controversy: What were the location, shape, and dimensions of Dante's Inferno? Galileo Galilei wanted to seriously answer the question from the point of view of a scientist. Extrapolating from Dante's line that "[the giant Nimrod's] face was about as long/And just as wide as St. Peter's cone in Rome," Galileo deduced that Lucifer himself was 2,000 armlengths long. The audience was impressed, and within the year, Galileo had received a three-year appointment to the University of Pisa, the same university that never granted him a degree!

The Leaning Tower of Pisa

At the time that Galileo arrived at the University, some debate had started up on one of Aristotle's "laws" of nature, that heavier objects fell faster than lighter objects. Aristotle's word had been accepted as gospel truth, and there had been few attempts to actually test Aristotle's conclusions by actually conducting an experiment! According to legend, Galileo decided to try. He needed to be able to drop the objects from a great height. The perfect building was right at hand--the Tower of Pisa, 54 meters tall. Galileo climbed up to the top of the building carrying a variety of balls of varying size and weight, and dumped them off of the top. They all landed at the base of the building at the same time (legend says that the demonstration was witnessed by a huge crowd of students and professors). Aristotle was wrong.
However, Galileo Galilei continued to behave rudely to his colleagues, not a good move for a junior member of the faculty. "Men are like wine flasks," he once said to a group of students. "...look at....bottles with the handsome labels. When you taste them, they are full of air or perfume or rouge. These are bottles fit only to pee into!"Not surprisingly, the University of Pisa chose not to renew Galileo's contract.

Necessity is the Mother of Invention

Galileo Galilei moved on to the University of Padua. By 1593, he was desperate in need of additional cash. His father had died, so Galileo was the head of his family, and personally responsible for his family. Debts were pressing down on him, most notably, the dowry for one of his sisters, which was paid in installments over decades (a dowry could be thousands of crowns, and Galileo's annual salary was 180 crowns). Debtor's prison was a real threat if Galileo returned to Florence. What Galileo needed was to come up with some sort of device that could make him a tidy profit. A rudimentary thermometer (which, for the first time, allowed temperature variations to be measured) and an ingenious device to raise water from aquifers found no market. He found greater success in 1596 with a military compass that could be used to accurately aim cannonballs. A modified civilian version that could be used for land surveying came out in 1597, and ended up earning a fair amount of money for Galileo. It helped his profit margin that 1) the instruments were sold for three times the cost of manufacture, 2) he also offered classes on how to use the instrument, and 3) the actual toolmaker was paid dirt-poor wages.
A good thing. Galileo needed the money to support his siblings, his mistress (a 21 year old with a reputation as a woman of easy habits), and his three children (two daughters and a boy). By 1602, Galileo's name was famous enough to help bring in students to the University, where Galileo was busily experimenting with magnets.

Wayne Rooney Biography


Wayne Mark Rooney (born 24 October 1985 in Liverpool) is an English
footballer. He currently plays for the English Premier League club Manchester United and the England national team. He normally played as a second striker to Ruud van Nistelrooy for his club team before van Nistelrooy's move to Real Madrid, although during 2005-06, he showed his versatility as a player by shifting to the midfield and playing on both flanks. He wears number 8 for Manchester United and wears number 9 the English national team.



Rooney was brought up in an urban area of eastern Liverpool called Croxteth, where he and his two brothers attended the local De La Salle Catholic School.
His boyhood team was always Everton; his love for his home town club was famously bore out when he wore a T-shirt reading "Once a blue, Always a blue". However, he would end up playing just two seasons with Everton before demanding, and then executing, a transfer. This has left him on unfavourable terms with Everton fans, as they showed when he returned to Goodison Park and he was booed severely.

rooneyAlthough he has been under an intense media spotlight since first arriving on the scene in 2002, it was not until his performances at Euro 2004 that he gained a reputation on the world stage, as he spearheaded the English attack, scoring four goals. Rooney is also on the cover of the FIFA 07 video game in the United Kingdom.
Rooney has also been compared to George Best and Paul Gascoigne in terms of talent.[4]

Wayne Rooney in the Premiership

After excelling for Liverpool Schoolboys and The Dynamo Brownwings, Rooney was signed by Everton shortly before his 11th birthday. Rooney gained national prominence on the 19th of October 2002 when he became the youngest goal scorer in the history of the Premier League at 16 years and 360 days while playing for Everton (though this record has since been surpassed twice). His goal against then-champions Arsenal was a last-minute winner and brought to an end the London side's 30-match unbeaten run. At the end of 2002 he won the BBC Sports Young Personality of the Year award. On 26 December 2002 he "achieved" the record of becoming the youngest player ever to be sent off in a Premiership game. This is also his only standing record in the Everton books.

National team career

He has also figured prominently in recent England international matches, after having become the youngest ever player to play for England, in a friendly against Australia, on 12 February 2003, aged 17 years, 111 days. This record has since been surpassed by Theo Walcott, who came off the bench to play in England's friendly against Hungary on 30 May 2006. England's youngest ever player previous to Rooney was James F. M. Prinsep of Clapham Rovers, who made his debut almost one and a quarter centuries before, on 5 April 1879, aged 17 years, 253 days. Rooney is also the youngest England scorer ever (17 years, 317 days).
His reputation as one of the world's most exciting young players was further enhanced by his impressive performances for England at Euro 2004 in Portugal. At the tournament Rooney became the youngest player ever to score in the UEFA European Football Championships, when on 17 June 2004 he scored twice against Switzerland; although the Swiss player, Johan Vonlanthen, broke this record against France four days later. Unfortunately Rooney was injured early in the quarter final match against Portugal and England were subsequently knocked out on penalties.

World Cup 2006 - Wayne Rooney

There was concern for Rooney's fitness ahead of the 2006 FIFA World Cup after the fourth metatarsal on his right foot was broken, possibly in several places, following a seemingly innocuous challenge from Paulo Ferreira during Manchester United's 3-0 defeat away at Chelsea on 29 April 2006, putting him out of action for an estimated six weeks. This was also the first match he played in the re-branded Nike Total 90 'Supremacy'. The boot's safety went under the spotlight after many considered it unsafe to wear.
A bone scan on 25 May 2006 suggested he would not be expected to return in time for the World Cup group ties, with a decision to be made on his return to training after these games had passed. Shortly afterwards his international manager confirmed he would travel with the squad to Germany, and would return to have another bone scan on 7 June. Ahead of this scan, Wayne claimed to be feeling fine and was "300% confident" of his own fitness. Rooney was reported to be back, doing light training on 2 June, working on kicking the ball and running.
On 7 June, Wayne Rooney had his second scan, with reports saying he would play in the World Cup as he boarded a flight to Baden-Baden to regroup with the England squad.
On 8 June, Sven-Göran Eriksson said that he was "injury free" and that "he just needs to get back his fitness before he can play". Eriksson hinted at a possible involvement in the later group stage matches and almost certainly, should England progress, in the second round of the competition.
On 15 June, Sven-Göran Eriksson and FA doctors declared Rooney match fit in time for the match against Trinidad & Tobago. Prior to the match there was much speculation as to whether his health would be risked by playing him at this stage; the speculation was ended when he entered the match in the 58th minute, replacing Michael Owen. Although Rooney did not score, England's fans were keen to see him running with pace (as if he was match fit many weeks before his medical clearance) and making his presence felt on the attack. On 18 June, Eriksson announced that Rooney would be starting England's next game. Rooney's rush into play was much to the dismay of his club team, Manchester United, who were concerned that a full recovery would be jeopardised.
On 20 June, Rooney started in the final group match, England against Sweden, helping England to a 2-2 draw.
On 25 June, Rooney once again started in England's second round game (knock-out rounds) against Ecuador. Although he failed to score, he looked lively and appeared to be fully fit and definitely match fit.
On 1 July, Rooney was sent off in the quarter final against Portugal while fighting for possession with Chelsea and Portugal defender Ricardo Carvalho. Rooney appeared to stamp down on Carvalho's groin and was sent off by referee, Horacio Elizondo. Rooney later announced, through the serialisation of his biography in the Daily Mail, that the stamp on Ricardo Carvalho was unintentional. He became only the third English player to be sent off in a World Cup Finals. Due to his red card, he missed England's opening Euro 2008 qualifiers against Andorra on 2 September and Macedonia on 6 September.

2009–10 Season

On 22 August 2009, he became the 20th Manchester United player to have scored over 100 goals for the club, finding the net twice in a 5-0 away win at Wigan Athletic.
His performance for Manchester United have led many to say he is one of the greatest football players in the world. If not the best player, then in the top two with Lionel Messi of Barcelona

Selasa, 28 September 2010

REAKSI REDOKS

Pengertian Oksidasi dan Reduksi (Redoks)
Pengertian oksidasi dan reduksi disini lebih melihat dari segi transfer oksigen,
hidrogen dan elektron. Disini akan juga dijelaskan mengenai zat pengoksidasi
(oksidator) dan zat pereduksi (reduktor).


Oksidasi dan reduksi dalam hal transfer oksigen
Dalam hal transfer oksigen, Oksidasi berarti mendapat oksigen, sedang Reduksi
adalah kehilangan oksigen.
Sebagai contoh, reaksi dalam ekstraksi besi dari biji besi:

Karena reduksi dan oksidasi terjadi pada saat yang
bersamaan, reaksi diatas disebut reaksi REDOKS.
Zat pengoksidasi dan zat pereduksi
Oksidator atau zat pengoksidasi adalah zat yang mengoksidasi zat lain. Pada
contoh reaksi diatas, besi(III)oksida merupakan oksidator.
Reduktor atau zat pereduksi adalah zat yang mereduksi zat lain. Dari reaksi
di atas, yang merupakan reduktor adalah karbon monooksida.
Jadi dapat disimpulkan:
  • oksidator adalah yang memberi oksigen kepada zat lain,
  • reduktor adalah yang mengambil oksigen dari zat lain
Oksidasi dan reduksi dalam hal transfer hidrogen

Definisi oksidasi dan reduksi dalam hal transfer hidrogen ini sudah lama dan
kini tidak banyak digunakan.
Oksidasi berarti kehilangan hidrogen, reduksi berarti mendapat hidrogen.
Perhatikan bahwa yang terjadi adalah kebalikan dari definisi pada transfer oksigen.
Sebagai contoh, etanol dapat dioksidasi menjadi etanal:

Untuk memindahkan atau mengeluarkan hidrogen dari etanol diperlukan zat pengoksidasi
(oksidator). Oksidator yang umum digunakan adalah larutan kalium dikromat(IV)
yang diasamkan dengan asam sulfat encer.
Etanal juga dapat direduksi menjadi etanol kembali dengan menambahkan hidrogen.
Reduktor yang bisa digunakan untuk reaksi reduksi ini adalah natrium tetrahidroborat,
NaBH4. Secara sederhana, reaksi tersebut dapat digambarkan sebagai berikut:

Zat pengoksidasi (oksidator) dan zat pereduksi (reduktor)
  • Zat pengoksidasi (oksidator) memberi oksigen kepada zat lain, atau memindahkan
    hidrogen dari zat lain.
  • Zat pereduksi (reduktor) memindahkan oksigen dari zat lain, atau memberi
    hidrogen kepada zat lain.
Oksidasi dan reduksi dalam hal transfer elektron
Oksidasi berarti kehilangan elektron, dan reduksi berarti mendapat elektron.
Definisi ini sangat penting untuk diingat. Ada cara yang mudah untuk membantu
anda mengingat definisi ini. Dalam hal transfer elektron:

Contoh sederhana
Reaksi redoks dalam hal transfer elektron:



Tembaga(II)oksida dan magnesium oksida keduanya bersifat ion. Sedang dalam bentuk
logamnya tidak bersifat ion. Jika reaksi ini ditulis ulang sebagai persamaan
reaksi ion, ternyata ion oksida merupakan ion spektator (ion penonton).

Jika anda perhatikan persamaan reaksi di atas, magnesium mereduksi iom tembaga(II)
dengan memberi elektron untuk menetralkan muatan tembaga(II).
Dapat dikatakan: magnesium adalah zat pereduksi (reduktor).
Sebaliknya, ion tembaga(II) memindahkan elektron dari magnesium untuk menghasilkan
ion magnesium. Jadi, ion tembaga(II) beraksi sebagai zat pengoksidasi (oksidator).
Memang agak membingungkan untuk mempelajari oksidasi dan reduksi dalam hal
transfer elektron, sekaligus mempelajari definisi zat pengoksidasi dan pereduksi
dalam hal transfer elektron.
Dapat disimpulkan sebagai berikut, apa peran pengoksidasi dalam transfer elektron:
  • Zat pengoksidasi mengoksidasi zat lain.
  • Oksidasi berarti kehilangan elektron (OIL RIG).
  • Itu berarti zat pengoksidasi mengambil elektron dari zat lain.
  • Jadi suatu zat pengoksidasi harus mendapat elektron
Atau dapat disimpulkan sebagai berikut:
  • Suatu zat pengoksidasi mengoksidasi zat lain.
  • Itu berarti zat pengoksidasi harus direduksi.
  • Reduksi berarti mendapat elektron (OIL RIG).
  • Jadi suatu zat pengoksidasi harus mendapat elektron.


sumber: www.chem-is-try.org

Selasa, 21 September 2010

Makna Sila-Sila Pancasila

Arti dan Makna Sila Kemanusiaan yang Adil dan Beradab

* Menempatkan manusia sesuai dengan hakikatnya sebagai makhluk Tuhan
* Menjunjung tinggi kemerdekaan sebagai hak segala bangsa.
* Mewujudkan keadilan dan peradaban yang tidak lemah.

Arti dan Makna Sila Ketuhanan yang Maha Esa

1. Mengandung arti pengakuan adanya kuasa prima (sebab pertama) yaitu Tuhan yang Maha Esa
2. Menjamin penduduk untuk memeluk agama masing-masing dan beribadah menurut agamanya.
3. Tidak memaksa warga negara untuk beragama.
4. Menjamin berkembang dan tumbuh suburnya kehidupan beragama.
5. Bertoleransi dalam beragama, dalam hal ini toleransi ditekankan dalam beribadah menurut agamanya masing-masing.
6. Negara memberi fasilitator bagi tumbuh kembangnya agama dan iman warga negara dan mediator ketika terjadi konflik agama.

Arti dan Makna Sila Persatuan Indonesia

1. Nasionalisme.
2. Cinta bangsa dan tanah air.
3. Menggalang persatuan dan kesatuan Indonesia.
4. Menghilangkan penonjolan kekuatan atau kekuasaan, keturunan dan perbedaan warna kulit.
5. Menumbuhkan rasa senasib dan sepenanggungan.

Arti dan Makna Sila Kerakyatan yang Dipimpin oleh Hikmat Kebijaksanaan dalam Permusyawaratan Perwakilan

* Hakikat sila ini adalah demokrasi.
* Permusyawaratan, artinya mengusahakan putusan bersama secara bulat, baru sesudah itu diadakan tindakan bersama.
* Dalam melaksanakan keputusan diperlukan kejujuran bersama.

Arti dan Makna Sila Keadilan Sosial bagi Seluruh Rakyat Indonesia

* Kemakmuran yang merata bagi seluruh rakyat dalam arti dinamis dan meningkat.
* Seluruh kekayaan alam dan sebagainya dipergunakan bagi kebahagiaan bersama menurut potensi masing-masing.
* Melindungi yang lemah agar kelompok warga masyarakat dapat bekerja sesuai dengan bidangnya.

Sikap positif terhadap nilai-nilai pancasila

Nilai-nilai Pancasila telah diyakini kebenarannya oleh bangsa Indonesia. Oleh karena itu , mengamalkan Pancasila merupakan suatu keharusan bagi bangsa Indonesia.

Sikap positif dalam mengamalkan nilai-nilai pancasila.

1. Menghormati anggota keluarga
2. Menghormati orang yang lebih tua
3. Membiasakan hidup hemat
4. Tidak membeda-bedakan teman
5. Membiasakan musyawarah untuk mufakat
6. Menjalankan ibadah sesuai dengan agama masing-masing
7. Membantu orang lain yang kesusahan sesuai dengan kemampuan sendiri


sumber : khazanna032.wordpress.com

Senin, 06 September 2010

FADHILAH SHALAT - SHALAT SUNNAT

1. Shalat sunnat Rawatib, fadhilahnya untuk menambah kekurangan dalam shalat fardhu.


2. Shalat sunat Isyraq, 2 – 4 rakaat, 100 menit ba`da subuh. Fadhilahnya : mendapat pahala haji dan umrah yang mabrur dan mendapatkan keberkahan rezki.


3. Shalat sunat dhuha, Fadhilahnya merupakan sedeqah pada setiap persendian tulang tubuh kita dimana hak bagi setiap sendi untuk diberi sedeqah dan melapangkan rezeki.


4. Shalat sunat Tasbih, fadhilahnya menghapuskan dosa besar dan kecil yang terang-terangan dan yang tersembunyi, yang jelas dan yang samar, yang dulu dan yang akan datang. Dikerjakan sekurang-kurangnya sekali seumur hidup, sebaiknya setiap hari atau setiap jum`at.


5. Shalat sunat Awwabin, fadhilahnya :dilakukan dengan 6 rakaat setelah shalat sunat rawatib ba`da maghrib, jika dilakukan tanpa berbicara terlebih dahulu maka mendapat pahala diampunkan dosanya 50 – 60 tahun dan seperti beribadah 12 tahun.


Niatnya :

* 2 rakaat I mohon untuk kekuatan iman dengan membaca surat Al-Ikhlash 6 X, Al-Falaq 1 X dan An-Nas 1 X.

* 2 rakaat ke II niat shalat awwabin dengan bacaab surat bebas.

* 2 rakaat ke III niat shalat awwabin ma`al istiharah dengan membaca surat Al-Kafirun pada rakaat I dan surat Al-Ikhlash pada rakaat ke II setelah Al-Fatihah.

6. Shalat sunat Tahajud, fadhilahnya bila dilakukan secara istiqamah :

* Akan diberi hikmah

* Do`anya makbul

* Kubur akan terang

7. Shalat sunat Wudhu, fadhilahnya :

* 1 tahun dosa yang lalu diampunkan

* 1 tahun yang akan datang diampunkan.



Sumber : http://takaza.blogspot.com